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    NASA:Reliability Management

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    RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT—-NASALewisResearchCenter

    [size=3]本篇文章是美国国家航空和宇航行局的关于可靠性管理文章,高度概括了一下可靠性管理的工作内容,目标。

    RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT
    •Thedirectionandcontrolofthereliabilityactivitiesoftheorganizationincludingstaffing,providingfacilities(computers,softwareetc.),establishingreliabilitygoalsandpolicies,andthefacilitatingoftheinteractionofreliabilitypersonnelwiththeremainderofthe
    organization.(Thisistheinstructorssuggesteddefinition–howcanitbeimproved?)

    WhyBeneficial?
    •Likequalitycontrol,theestablishmentofJIT,ISO9000certificationandtruestatisticalprocesscontrolintheorganization,reliabilitymusthaveunequivocaltop-downsupport.
    •Withoutthis,thereliabilityfunction,willonly“begoingthroughthemotions.”
    •Witheffectivesupportfuturebottomlinecostsandtotalcostofownershipcanbedrasticallyreduced.

    Theresultantcostbenefitstothecompany,thoughdifficulttocapturewithtraditionalaccountingmethods,willincreaseproductivityupto40%ormore.

    OBJECTIVES
    Beabletoanswer(orperform):
    •Whattypesofreliabilitymanagementstructuresarethere?
    •Whataretheobjectivesofreliabilitymanagement?
    •Whatarethekeyreliabilitydisciplines?
    •Howdoesthereliabilitydisciplineinteractwiththerestoftheorganization?
    •Describewhatactivitiesyouwouldsetupforareliabilityprogramtosupportaproject.Whatmetrics

    wouldyouuse?
    •Howdoreliabilityactivitiesbenefittheproject?
    •Whatishumanengineeringandhowdoesthehumanelementaffectreliability?

    Outline:Reliability
    •TypesofReliabilityOrganizations.
    •ReliabilityandSystemsEngineering.
    •EstablishingaReliabilityProgram.
    •ExamplesofReliabilityObjectives.
    •MetricsforReliability.
    •HumanReliability

    ReliabilityOrganization:Staffing
    •Needstafffamiliarwiththedesign,manufactureandtestingmethodologyoftheproductandfamiliar

    withstatisticaltechniques.
    •Useseniorstafffromengineeringorganizationswhoareintimatelyfamiliarwithproductandthe

    historyoffailures/problemsencounteredwiththedesign,testandmanufactureoftheproduct.
    •Useengineerswithformalreliabilityengineeringdisciplineasacomplementtotheabove.
    •Alltheseengineersmustbecapableofhavingacloseworkingrelationshipwithdesignandtestandbe

    capableofinteractingwiththeminawin-winatmosphere.
    •Partofnormalengineeringtrainingrotation.

    ReliabilityGoals
    •Increasesystemeffectivenessto:________
    •Increasesystemavailabilityto:________
    •IncreaseMTBFto:________
    •Reducewarrantycostsby:________
    •Reducemaintenancecostsby:________
    •Increasesystemefficiencyby:________
    •Increasesystemtestingby:________

    DESIGNFORRELIABILITY

    ASSURANCE:RELIABILITYENGINEERING
    PHASEAPHASEBPHASECPHASEDPHASEE
    RELIABILITYMANAGEMENT—————————————–
    MONITOR/CONTROLSUBCTR.
    PROGRAMREVIEWS————————————————
    PROBLEMREPORT&COR.,LL
    FAILUREREVIEWBOARDS
    RELIABILITYMODELING————————–
    RELIABILITYALLOCATION———————-
    RELIABILITYPREDICTION———————–
    FAILUREMODE&EFFECTANALYSIS——–
    CRITICALITEMSLIST———————-
    FAULTTREEANALYSIS——————-
    SNEAKCIRCUITANALYSIS————–
    ELECTRONICTOLERANCE
    MECH.PARTSANALYSIS
    PARTSPROGRAM,UsingFailureRateData
    EFFECTSTEST,STORAGE,HANDLING,etc.
    TESTING:ENVIRONMENTALSTRESSSCRN.
    RELB.GROWTHTESTS
    RELB./QUAL.TESTPROGRAM
    RELIABILITYGROWTHTESTING—–
    PRAT
    SOFTWARERELIABILITY&QUALITYASSURANCE

    EstablishingaDesignforReliabilityProgram
    •Determinethereliabilitygoalstobemet.
    •Constructasymbolicrepresentation.
    •Determinethelogisticssupportandrepairphilosophy.
    •Selectthereliabilityanalysisprocedure.
    •Selectthedatasourcesforfailureratesandrepairrates.
    •Determinethefailureratesandrepairrates.
    •Performthenecessarycalculations.
    •Validateandverifythereliabilityresults.
    •Measureactualreliability.

    ExamplesofReliability
    ObjectivesfortheTelecommunicationsIndustry
    •Goalsshouldbeplacedinproperperspective.
    •Largetelecommunicationsnetworks:
    –Atleastonepieceofequipmentmaybe
    downatalltimes.
    –Theusermaynotknowthis.
    –Operatorsconsiderthatasystemisdownonlywhenreportedtothem.
    –Short,self-clearingoutagesmaygounreported.
    •Reliabilityobjectivescanbedefineddifferentlyforvarioussystems.

    ExamplesofReliabilityObjectivesfortheTelecommunicationsIndustry
    ModuleorSystemObjective
    TelephoneinstrumentMeantimebetweenfailures
    ElectronickeysystemCompletelossofservice
    Majorlossofservice
    Minorlossofservice
    PABXCompletelossofservice
    Majorlossofservice
    Minorlossofservice
    Mishandledcalls
    TrafficServicePositionSys.(TSPS)MishandledcallsSystemoutage
    Class5officeSystemoutage
    Class4officeLossofservice
    Class3officeServicedegradation

    CustomerSpecificationsTargets
    •Thesatisfiedcustomersetstheperformanceand
    availabilityrequirements.
    •Telecommunicationsnetworksshouldperformunder
    stress:
    –Cablecuts.
    –Lengthytrafficoverloads.
    –Equipmentbreakdown.
    •Coppercableandfiberopticstudieshaveshown:
    –56%ofthecablepairsarecut.
    –100%ofthefiberopticarecut.
    •Cross-connectsandallocatablecapacityareusedtodynamicallyreconfigurethenetwork.

    ReliabilityGrowthFromaCustomer’sPerspective
    •GrowthMeasurementmustencompasstheentirelifecycleoftheproduct.
    •Corporationswithawidescopeofproductand/orproductlinesshouldnotpresentoverallreliability
    growthcurvesonanorganizationalbasis.Individualproductlinereliabilitygrowthpicturesshouldbe
    presentedtoachievetotalcustomersatisfaction.

    Becausethecustomer’sexperiencecanvarywiththematurityofasystem,reliabilitygrowthisanimportantconcepttothecustomerandshouldbeconsideredinthecustomer’spurchasingdecision.
    •Thekeyistodefinethegoalsfortheproductorservicefromthecustomer’sperspectivewhile

    reflectingontheactualsituationinwhichthecustomerobtainstheproductorservice.

    ReliabilityMetrics
    •Reliabilitygrowth
    •Systemuptimeandavailability
    •Reductionintotallifecyclecost.
    •Failurereportsprocessed.
    •Numberoflessonslearnedgenerated/published.
    •Increasedincalculatedsystemreliability(increasedMTBF)throughrecommendations.
    •Numberoffailuremodesidentifiedandeliminated(basedonpotentialforoccurrenceandseriousness
    offailure).
    •Others:Yoursuggestions!!!

    ReliabilityGrowth:Howmuchhasthesystemimproved.

    ReductioninLifeCycleCosts(BasedonImprovedReliability)

    FailureReportsClosedandLessonsLearnedGenerated

    GenerationandEliminationsofFailureModes,CRIT1,2,&3

    SystemReliabilityeveryMonth

    HumanReliability
    •Humanreliabilitycanbedefinedas“theprobabilityofaccomplishingajobortasksuccessfullybyhumansatanyrequiredstageinsystemoperationswithinaspecifiedminimumtimelimit.”
    •Itisthebridgebetweentheuserandtheproducer.
    •Focusindesignincludeshardware,software,andhumanreliability.

    HumanReliabilityDesignGoals:
    •Designforimmunitytohumanerror
    •Designforeasyhumaninterface.
    •Designtobeuserfriendly.
    •Proveoutmanualsandprocedures.
    •Minimizethelikelihoodofhumanerror;especiallyerrorsthatleadtounsafeconditions.
    •Developdesignchecklists.
    •Reviewforcompletenessandclarity.

    HumanError:WrongConnections
    InElectricalHookup
    •Problem:wrongconnectorsmatedafterrepairandunitsmiswired.
    •Solution:Differentsizeconnectorsandcommoncolorwirethroughoutacablerun;alsounsymmetricalconnectors.HumanError:ScaldingfromWaterFaucets/Showers.
    •Problem:Confusingknobs,colorsandon/offrotationaldirections.
    •Solution:standardization:Hotonleft,Hotcoloredred,coldcoloredblue;clockwisetoclose(righthandscrew);thermaltemperaturelimiterinwaterdeliverysystem.Differentsizelabelsandattachmentpoints.

    EasyHumanInterface
    •Switcheslocatedongraphicalmodelofsystem.
    •Switchesmountedinorderofuse,lefttoright.
    •Graphicalpresentationsonscreensaswellastext.
    •Singlepointdisconnectsforemergencysystems.
    •Standardcolorsforconditions:red/yellow/green.
    •Vocalwarningsofimproperconditions.
    •Testsystemandlayoutforstereotypebehavior.
    •Standardizelayouts.
    •Mostfrequentlyusedcontrolsinfavorablepositions.

    UserFriendly
    •Eleganceofdesign.
    •Hierarchyofoptions.Alloweasytouseseriesofoperationsandextendedoperationsseparatedfromthose.
    •Proveoutdesignwithuntrainedpersonnel.
    •Don’tskimponhumaninterface(e.g.qualityofmaterials,colors,seating,knobs,keyboards,screenquality,etc.
    •Providerealtimetraining.
    •Allowdefaultstohavenominaloperationofsystem.

    TypesofHumanErrors
    •Errorsofvision
    •Errorsofinsufficientknowledge.
    •Equipmentnotcalibratedproperly.
    •Difficulttoinspect.
    •Designforemergencysituations.
    •Designfortypicalbehavior.

    ProveOutManualsandProcedures
    •UseFMEAandFaultTreestogenerateblockdiagramsofdiagnostics.
    •Writemanualstohelpoperatorsandmaintenancepersonnel.Donotwritemanualstowritemanuals.
    •Takeuninvolvedpersonnel,givethemamanual,LEAVE,andallowthemtotrytouseit.THENMAKE
    REVISIONSandgiveittonewuninvolvedpersonnel.
    •Giveclearwarnings,cautionsandsuggestions.
    •Writewithlevelsofdetail.
    •Beconciseandprecise.
    •Revisethemanualwhenthesystemisrevised.
    •Usechecklistsunlesstheoperatorscannameall50statesfrommemory.

    ReliabilityManagement-Conclusions
    •Determinethereliabilitygoalstobemet.
    •Spelltheprogramrequirementsoutindetailaswellashowtheresultswillbeimplemented.
    •Doreliabilityanalysesindraftformthatneverhavetobepublished(e.g.alertengineerstodangerousconditionsandhelpthemeliminatethembeforetheygetintothesystem).
    •Validateandverifythereliabilityresults.
    •Measureactualreliability.
    •Humanreliabilityisakeyfactortoconsidertohaveasuccessful,reliableandsafeproduct.
    •Reliabilityanalysisshouldcontinuethroughouttheproductlife-cycle.

    呵呵辛苦了!学习下!
    回复
    Lv.1
    appreciateitfirst,studyitlater!
    回复
    Lv.3
    怎么样可以提高英语水平呀,烦:Q:'(
    回复
    Lv.2
    学习一下
    回复
    Lv.2
    看不懂英语,还是要顶金总的贴
    回复
    好资料,不错不错,谢谢了
    回复
    Lv.3
    admin有没有NASA的一篇关于RAMS的文件,?有的话帮忙发邮箱一下。谢谢
    回复
    Lv.2
    谢谢分享
    回复
    谢谢分享正是需要的东西~~
    回复
    Lv.6
    学习一下~谢谢了
    回复

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